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# 物理代写|热力学作业代写THERMODYNAMICS代考|MECH337 How Do I Measure the Energy Transitions during Metabolic Processes?

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## 物理代写|热力学作业代写THERMODYNAMICS代考|How Do I Measure the Energy Transitions during Metabolic Processes?

Metabolic processes are always associated with heat exchange with the environment. They are usually exothermic but can also be endothermic (Liu et al. 2001). The calorimetric monitoring of this heat exchange provides real-time information on the amount of biomass, its status and reproductive capacity and on the metabolic reaction sequence (Maskow and Paufler 2015). This is important, for example, in medicine, pharmacy and the food industry, where very small bacterial contaminations must be detected at an early stage, or in biotechnology where, conversely, high cell concentrations should convert educts into products with high space-time yields. The first application requires calorimeters which accurately sense very small amounts of heat. Since the metabolism is often strongly dependent on temperature, isothermal micro-calorimeters (IMCs) or Calvet calorimeters are preferentially used for such applications. In IMC or Calvet-type calorimeters, the thermoelectric effect is exploited, which correlates a heat flux $\dot{Q}$ detected by a thermoelectric device called a Peltier element with a Seebeck coefficient $\pi_{\mathrm{AB}}$ yielding a measurable current, $I$, or voltage. An equation describing this type of calorimeter written for a measured current is obtained if Equation $1.85$ is simplified for isothermal operation in a closed system and assuming a fixed metabolic stoichiometry,
$$\Delta_{\mathrm{r}} H V r=\dot{Q} \approx-\dot{W}{\mathrm{el}}=\pi{\mathrm{AB}} I .$$

## 物理代写|热力学作业代写THERMODYNAMICS代考|How Do I Measure Joule-Thomson Coefficients?

Heat, or more correctly, temperature, effects that are triggered by pressure changes are designated as Joule-Kelvin, Joule-Thomson or Kelvin-Joule effects. The Joule-Thomson effect is explained in Question 3.5.8. Here we consider only how the coefficient can be measured. When a gas expands through a valve or porous plug, the process is described quantitatively by the Joule-Thomson coefficient $\mu_{\mathrm{JT}}$ (Equation 3.118)
$$\mu_{\mathrm{TT}}=\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial p}\right){H}=\frac{V}{C{p}}(\alpha T-1) .$$
The first of these two equations is the formal definition of the Joule-Thomson coefficient. The symbol $\alpha$ represents the coefficient of thermal expansion of the gas. Especially for the design of cooling processes such as air conditioners, heat pumps and liquefiers, $\mu_{\mathrm{JT}}$ is a key parameter.

The coefficient can be measured using an adiabatic flow calorimeter, shown in Figure 1.12. It consists of a thermally isolated tube with a throttle (a constriction), through which gas flows leading to a pressure drop across it, a resistance heater and a measured source of power $P$ downstream of the throttle, and a means of measuring the temperature and pressure before and after the throttle.

Material present upstream of the throttle at temperature $T_{1}$ and pressure $p_{1}$ passes at a rate $\dot{n}$ through the throttle where it emerges at temperature $T_{2}$ and pressure $p_{2}$ in an adiabatic enclosure where a power $P$ is applied to the resistor, $R$. For an amount of substance $n$, the First Law of Thermodynamics for an open system for this situation (Equation 1.75) becomes
$$\Delta U=U_{2}-U_{1}=\frac{P n}{\dot{n}}+p_{1} V\left(T_{1}, p_{1}\right)-p_{2} V\left(T_{2}, p_{2}\right),$$
where we assume that the tube is horizontal and that the kinetic energy of the gas is negligible as is often the case. In terms of the enthalpy, then
$$H\left(T_{2}, p_{2}\right)-H\left(T_{1}, p_{1}\right)=P n / \dot{n} .$$

## 物理代写|热力学作业代写THERMODYNAMICS代考|How Do I Measure the Energy Transitions during Metabolic Processes?

$$\Delta_{\mathrm{r}} H V r=\dot{Q} \approx-\dot{W} \mathrm{el}=\pi \mathrm{AB} I$$

## 物理代写|热力学作业代写THERMODYNAMICS代考|How Do I Measure JouleThomson Coefficients?

$$\mu_{\mathrm{TT}}=\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial p}\right) H=\frac{V}{C p}(\alpha T-1) .$$ 程的设计， $\mu_{\mathrm{JT}}$ 是一个关键参数。

$$\Delta U=U_{2}-U_{1}=\frac{P n}{\dot{n}}+p_{1} V\left(T_{1}, p_{1}\right)-p_{2} V\left(T_{2}, p_{2}\right)$$

$$H\left(T_{2}, p_{2}\right)-H\left(T_{1}, p_{1}\right)=P n / \dot{n} .$$

## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。