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# 物理代写|核物理代考Nuclear Physics代写|PHYS642 The Higgs boson

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## 物理代写|核物理代考Nuclear Physics代写|The Higgs boson

The Standard Model also predicts a spin-0 neutral elementary particle: the Higgs boson. Its existence has been disputed for decades because it does not descend straightforwardly from the basic principles of the theory. The Higgs mechanism is a technique inherited from other fields (material science and hadron physics) and adapted to particle physics to provide mass to the spin-1 bosons of the weak interactions. The interaction of the Higgs field with the elementary fermions provides masses to these fermions as well. The Higgs is, therefore, a mass generation mechanism. Without it, all elementary particles would be very similar to the photon. The mechanism gives firm predictions of the mass of the $Z^{0}$ and the $W$ s but lacks predictive power about the mass of the fermions and the Higgs boson itself. The mass generation mechanism for elementary fermions due to the Higgs is called the Yukawa sector of the SM and adds a rich set of phenomena that are at the frontier of modern research and will be recapped in the last chapter of this book. The Higgs boson was discovered in 2012 at the LHC collider at CERN and its mass is $125 \mathrm{GeV} / c^{2}$. Its lifetime is predicted by the $\mathrm{SM}$ to be $1.56 \times 10^{-22} \mathrm{~s}$, although the direct measurements are still limited by experimental uncertainties.
All known fundamental interactions of the Standard Model, its gauge bosons, and the particles that undergo these interactions are summarized in Table 1.2.

## 物理代写|核物理代考Nuclear Physics代写|Metric systems

Physical laws are constraints between physical quantities as length, time, velocity, electric charge, and the like. Only a fraction of these quantities are independent and are used as basic units in metric systems. For instance, the velocity (v) is a ratio between space x and time t and therefore x, t, and v cannot be used simultaneously to define three basic units. A metric system is fixed by the choice of the basic units and the definition of the prototypes that are associated with these units. The first metric system, formalized during the French Revolution, used the meter as the basic unit for space and the prototype was one tenmillionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole along the earth’s circumference. ground state 0 ground state 1 Energy excited state Fig. 1.5 Energy levels of 133Cs employed for the SI definition of time. The hyperfine transition between the lowest states (the double arrow at the bottom of the figure) produces e.m. waves with a frequency of 9192631770 Hz. The “second” is defined by this frequency because of its narrow intrinsic width, which produces a nearly monochromatic line. On the other hand, NU uses a metric prototype only for energy and does not employ a dedicated prototype for time, which results in a loss of precision.

# 核物理代写

## 物理代写|核物理代考Nuclear Physics代写|Metric systems

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。