Posted on Categories:Statistical inference, 统计代写, 统计代考, 统计推断

# 统计代写|统计推断代考Statistical Inference代写|MS-C1620 Confdence Intervals

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## 统计代写|统计推断代考Statistical Inference代写|Confdence Intervals

Historically, confidence intervals have tended to appear as Neyman and Pearson’s answer to fiducial probability. Though the appearance is not grievously wrong, in fact the original ideas, according to Neyman, were his own, developed while he was in Poland, and before he had any knowledge of Fisher’s work on fiducial probability. “The term ‘confidence interval’ is a translation of the original Polish ‘przedzial ufności'” (Neyman, 1941, p. 128). The first presentation of the ideas in English was in an appendix to Neyman’s (1934) paper “On the Two Different Aspects of the Representative Method” and an article by Clopper and Pearson (1934), which appeared at the same time in Biometrika, entitled “The Use of Confidence or Fiducial Limits Illustrated in the Case of the Binomial.” As the text and the title of the latter article itself make clear, the authors initially took confidence coefficients and fiducial probabilities to be the same thing, and introduced the new term (Neyman’s) only because they saw trouble in Fisher’s notion of a fiducial probability distribution. Neyman and Pearson manipulated the same inequality that Fisher did to obtain their confidence interval, but their approach was distinguished right from the start by their insistence that the random variable was the interval itself rather than the parameter being estimated.

## 统计代写|统计推断代考Statistical Inference代写|Differences Between the Fisher and Neyman-Pearson Theories

The Neyman-Pearson theory differs from Fisher’s in several respects, some of which have already been indicated.

There is first of all a difference in terminology: The term “null hypothesis” was introduced by Fisher (1935a, pp. 18-20), and was not used by Neyman and Pearson. Fisher used the term to designate the hypothesis tested. He is usually interpreted as having meant it in the sense of the hypothesis to be nullified; others (e.g., Lindquist, 1940) have taken it as the specification of a zero value for a parameter. Fisher argued, in any case, that the important point was that the null hypothesis specify some exact value of a parameter. If that condition was met, then the investigator could designate any hypothesis as the null; but in most research, the alternative to a “null” value was only a diffuse range, which could not be used as the basis of a probability distribution.

Neyman and Pearson, in contrast to Fisher, argued for the symmetry of the hypothesis tested and its denial, and contended that designation of some value as the hypothesis tested is in principle arbitrary, to be determined practically by the nature of the problem.

# 统计推断代写

## 统计代写|统计推断代考Statistical Inference代写|Differences Between the Fisher and Neyman-Pearson Theories

Neyman-Pearson 理论在几个方面与 Fisher 的不同，其中一些已经被指出。

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## MATLAB代写

MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。