如果你也在 怎样代写货币银行学Monetary Economics ECON3200这个学科遇到相关的难题，请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。货币银行学Monetary Economics是经济学的一个分支，研究不同的货币竞争理论：它提供了一个分析货币的框架，并考虑其功能（如交换媒介、价值储存和记账单位），它考虑货币如何纯粹因为其作为公共物品的便利而获得接受。
货币银行学Monetary Economics现代分析试图为货币需求提供微观基础，并为微观或宏观用途区分有效的名义和实际货币关系，包括它们对产出总需求的影响。其方法包括推导和测试货币作为其他资产的替代品和基于明确摩擦的意义。任何现代货币理论的基础概念都是理解法币的价值取决于交换而不是重量（与阿罗-德布勒模型相比）。
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金融代写|货币银行学代写Monetary Economics代考|A brief history of the definition of money
The multiplicity of the functions performed by money does not aid in the task of unambiguously identifying particular assets with money and often poses severe problems for such identification, since different assets perform these functions to varying degrees. Problems with an empirical measure of money are not new, nor have they necessarily taken their most acute form only recently.
Early stages in the evolution from a barter economy to a monetary economy usually have one or more commodity monies. One form of these is currency in the form of coins made of a precious metal, with an exchange value which is, at least roughly, equal to the value of the metal in the coin. These coins were usually minted with the monarch’s authority and were declared to be “legal tender,” which obligated the seller or creditor to accept them in payment.
Legal tender was in certain circumstances supplemented as a means of payment by the promissory notes of trustworthy persons or institutions and, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, by bills of exchange ${ }^4$ in Britain. However, they never became a generally accepted medium of payment. The emergence of private commercial banks ${ }^5 \mathrm{after}$ the eighteenth century in Britain led to (private) note issues ${ }^6$ by them and eventually also to orders of withdrawal – i.e. check – drawn upon these banks by those holding demand deposits with them. However, while the keeping of demand deposits with banks had become common among firms and richer individuals by the beginning of the twentieth century, the popularity of such deposits among ordinary persons came only in the twentieth century. With this popularity, demand deposits became a component of the medium of payments in the economy, with their amount eventually becoming larger than that of currency.
In Britain, in the mid-nineteenth century, economists and bankers faced the problem of whether to treat the demand liabilities of commercial banks, in addition to currency, as money or not. Commercial banking was still in its infancy and was confined to richer individuals and larger firms. While checks functioned as a medium for payments among these groups, most of the population did not use them. In such a context, there was considerable controversy on the proper definition of money and the appropriate monetary policies and regulations in mid-nineteenth century England. These disputes revolved around the emergence of bank demand deposits as a substitute, though yet quite imperfect, for currency and whether or not the former were a part of the money supply. Further evolution of demand deposits and of banks in the late nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century in Britain, Canada and the USA led to the relative security and common usage of demand deposits and established their close substitutability for currency. Consequently, the accepted definition of money by the second quarter of the twentieth century had become currency in the hands of the public plus demand deposits in commercial banks. During this period, saving deposits were not checkable and the banks holding them could insist on due notice being given prior to withdrawal personally by the depositor, so that they were not as liquid as demand deposits and were not taken to be money, defined as the medium of payments. Consequently, until the second half of the twentieth century, the standard definition of money was the narrow definition of money, denoted as M1.
金融代写|货币银行学代写Monetary Economics代考|Evolution of money and near-monies since 1945
To summarize the developments on the definition of money in the period since 1945 , this period opened with the widely accepted definition of money as being currency in the hands of the public plus demand deposits in commercial banks (M1). This definition emphasized the medium of payments role of money. Demand deposits were regulated in several respects, interest could not be legally – or was not customarily – paid on them, and certain amounts of reserves had to be legally – or were customarily – maintained against them in the banks. Against this background, a variety of developments led to the widespread creation and acceptance of new substitutes for demand deposits and the increasing closeness of savings deposits to demand deposits. In Canada, this evolution increased the liquidity of savings deposits with the chartered banks, which dominated this end of the financial sector, with also some increase in the liquidity of the liabilities of such non-monetary financial institutions as trust companies, credit associations ${ }^7$, and mortgage and loan associations. In the United States, until the 1970s, the changes increased the liquidity primarily of time deposits in the commercial banks, and to some extent of deposits in mutual savings banks, and shares in savings and loan associations. In the United Kingdom, the increase in liquidity occurred for interest-bearing deposits in retail banks and building societies. Given this evolution in the 1960 s and 1970 s, a variety of studies established these assets to be fairly close – but not perfect – substitutes for demand deposits.
This evolution of close substitutes for M1 led in the 1950 s to a renewal of controversy, almost dormant in the first half of this century, on the proper definition of money. In particular, in the third quarter of the twentieth century, there was rapid growth of savings deposits in commercial banks and in non-bank financial intermediaries, with their liabilities becoming increasingly closer substitutes for demand deposits, without their becoming direct media of payments. This led to the acceptance of M2 as the appropriate definition of money, numerous innovations that have made many liabilities of financial intermediaries increasingly numerous innovations that have made many liabilities of financial intermediaries increasingly indistinguishable from demand deposits. This has led to the adoption or at least espousal of still wider definitions under the symbols M3, M4, etc.
货币银行学代写
金融代写|货币银行学代写Monetary Economics代考|A brief history of the definition of money
货币执行的多种功能无助于用货币明确识别特定资产的任务，并且经常给这种识别带来严重的问题，因为不同的资产在不同程度上执行这些功能。用经验衡量货币的问题并不新鲜，也不一定是最近才出现的最尖锐的形式。
从易货经济发展到货币经济的早期阶段通常有一种或多种商品货币。其中一种形式是由贵金属制成的硬币形式的货币，其交换价值至少大致等于硬币中金属的价值。这些硬币通常是在君主授权下铸造的，并被宣布为“法定货币”，卖方或债权人有义务接受它们作为付款。
在某些情况下，可信赖的个人或机构的期票以及在 18 世纪和 19 世纪的汇票作为支付手段的补充法定货币4在英国。但是，它们从未成为普遍接受的支付媒介。民营商业银行的出现5后十八世纪的英国导致了（私人）纸币问题6由他们，最终也由持有活期存款的人向这些银行提取的提款命令（即支票）。然而，虽然到 20 世纪初，在银行中存放活期存款已在公司和较富裕的个人中变得普遍，但这种存款在普通人中的普及是在 20 世纪才出现的。随着这种流行，活期存款成为经济中支付媒介的一个组成部分，其金额最终变得大于货币。
在 19 世纪中叶的英国，经济学家和银行家面临的问题是，除了货币之外，商业银行的需求负债是否也被视为货币。商业银行业务仍处于起步阶段，仅限于较富有的个人和较大的公司。虽然支票作为这些群体之间的支付媒介，但大多数人并没有使用它们。在这样的背景下，19 世纪中叶的英国对货币的正确定义以及适当的货币政策和法规存在相当大的争议。这些争论围绕着银行活期存款作为货币的替代品（尽管还很不完善）的出现，以及前者是否是货币供应的一部分。19 世纪末和 20 世纪上半叶，英国、加拿大和美国的活期存款和银行的进一步发展导致活期存款的相对安全和普遍使用，并确立了它们对货币的密切替代性。因此，到 20 世纪第二季度，公认的货币定义已成为公众手中的货币加上商业银行的活期存款。在此期间，储蓄存款是不可检查的，持有这些存款的银行可以坚持在存款人亲自提款之前给予适当的通知，这样它们就不像活期存款那样具有流动性，也不被视为货币，定义为支付媒介。因此，直到二十世纪下半叶，
金融代写|货币银行学代写Monetary Economics代考|Evolution of money and near-monies since 1945
总结自 1945 年以来货币定义的发展，这一时期以被广泛接受的货币定义为开端，即公众手中的货币加上商业银行的活期存款（M1）。这个定义强调了货币的支付媒介作用。活期存款在几个方面受到监管，不能合法地（或不习惯地）支付利息，并且必须合法地（或习惯地）在银行中为它们保留一定数量的准备金。在此背景下，各种发展导致活期存款新替代品的广泛创造和接受，以及储蓄存款与活期存款的日益接近。在加拿大，这种演变增加了特许银行储蓄存款的流动性，7，以及抵押贷款协会。在美国，直到 1970 年代，这些变化主要增加了商业银行定期存款的流动性，并在一定程度上增加了互惠储蓄银行的存款以及储蓄和贷款协会的股份。在英国，零售银行和建筑协会的有息存款的流动性增加。鉴于 1960 年代和 1970 年代的这种演变，各种研究确定这些资产是活期存款的相当接近但不完美的替代品。
M1 的近似替代品的这种演变在 1950 年代引发了一场关于货币正确定义的争论，该争论在本世纪上半叶几乎处于休眠状态。特别是20世纪第三季度，商业银行和非银行金融中介机构的储蓄存款快速增长，其负债越来越接近活期存款，但并未成为直接的支付媒介。这导致人们接受 M2 作为货币的适当定义，许多创新使金融中介机构的许多负债越来越多，许多创新使金融中介机构的许多负债越来越难以与活期存款区分开来。
金融代写|货币银行学代写Monetary Economics代考 请认准UprivateTA™. UprivateTA™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。
微观经济学代写
微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支，研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富，各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。
线性代数代写
线性代数是数学的一个分支，涉及线性方程，如：线性图，如：以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。
博弈论代写
现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼（John von Neumann）提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理，这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后，1944年，他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩（Oskar Morgenstern）共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书，该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论，使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。
微积分代写
微积分，最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”，是对连续变化的数学研究，就像几何学是对形状的研究，而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。
它有两个主要分支，微分和积分；微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率，而积分涉及数量的累积，以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系，它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。
计量经济学代写
什么是计量经济学？
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用，使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设，并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验，然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。
根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣，还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣，计量经济学可以细分为两大类：理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。
MATLAB代写
MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中，其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括：数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发，包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统，其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题，尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题，而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问，这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展，得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中，它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域，MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要，工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数（M 文件）的综合集合，可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。