如果你也在 怎样代写公司金融学Corporate Finance 这个学科遇到相关的难题,请随时右上角联系我们的24/7代写客服。公司金融学Corporate Finance是金融的一个领域,涉及资金来源、公司的资本结构、管理者为增加公司对股东的价值而采取的行动,以及用于分配金融资源的工具和分析。公司金融的主要目标是最大化或增加股东价值。
公司金融学Corporate Finance相应地,公司财务包括两个主要的分支学科。[引用]资本预算涉及到设定标准,以确定哪些增值项目应该获得投资资金,以及是否用股权或债务资本为该投资融资。营运资金管理是对公司货币资金的管理,涉及流动资产和流动负债的短期经营平衡;这里的重点是管理现金、存货和短期借贷(如提供给客户的信贷条件)。
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金融代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Position of the Creditors in a Solvent Company
As will be seen from the discussion in chapter two, there are many different types of creditors, who advance money to the company based on different contractual and proprietary structures. All creditors, however, have one thing in common: they are owed money by the company to which they have a legal right to payment at some time. ${ }^{139}$ This right is usually, but not always, based on a pre-existing contract. Some creditors, such as trade creditors and tort claimants, have a right to a single payment, which they would like to be paid as soon as possible. However, most lenders who are in the business of providing finance do so in order to obtain an income stream, which, depending on the terms of the loan, will comprise interest or repayment of capital or a combination of both. In a sense, then, this contractual right to periodic payments can be compared and contrasted with the shareholders’ right to a dividend, which is not contractually enforceable until the dividend is declared. ${ }^{140}$
Further, the payments to which the lender has a right are fixed, at least in the sense that they do not depend upon whether the company has made profits, although they may depend on other variables such as the current rate of interest. This means that, in relation to the lenders’ right to income, they have no incentive for the company to engage in risky activity which increases profits, provided that sufficient profits are generated to meet the company’s contractual obligations. In most financing structures, the profit which the lenders make comes from these periodic payments (here loosely called ‘interest’), and so the lenders’ incentive while the company is solvent is to keep the capital part of the loan outstanding for as long as possible so that they can make as much profit as possible. However, the lenders also have an incentive to ensure that the company remains solvent, since on insolvency it will lose not only the future profit of interest payments, but possibly also the capital repayment.
Many lenders will also have a long-term contractual right to repayment of capital. This may be deeply subordinated or have a very long maturity date, as in a hybrid security. ${ }^{141}$ Conversely, capital may be repaid totally through periodic payments, but the lender will usually have the right to accelerate repayment of the whole amount due if the borrower company defaults. ${ }^{142}$ If the company remains solvent, this capital debt will eventually have to be repaid (unlike the capital contributed by the shareholders). This will often be by refinancing, whereby the company just rolls over the debt with the same lenders or takes out new debt with different lenders. As mentioned above, most lenders do not have an incentive to seek early repayment, and would wish the lending relationship to go on for as long as possible if the company is solvent. However, the risk of losing the capital repayment if the company becomes insolvent is severe, and it is largely the protection against this risk that is discussed below. It is a risk which all creditors bear equally although their claims rank ahead of all shareholders. Creditors are not, on the whole, protected by the general law, although the legal capital rules, discussed in chapter five, are one significant exception to that principle. Creditors generally have the ability to protect themselves by a variety of means, which are discussed generally in chapter two, as well as in the discussion following and in more detail in chapters six and seven.
金融代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Non-Adjusting Creditors
To see who these non-adjusting creditors are, it is instructive to consider the types of creditor that exist. One could see creditors as falling into three categories: those who consciously extend credit to the company (whether in the form of loans or trade credit or otherwise); those who deal with the company without intending to extend credit, but who become creditors because the company becomes liable to them for breach of contract or otherwise (such as customers of goods or services); and those who have no prior contact with the company before becoming creditors (this category is mainly tort victims and the tax authorities).
The ability of some members of the first category (lenders, investors and other financiers) to protect themselves and to influence the company’s activities is discussed extensively throughout this book. Two categories of lenders other than financiers or suppliers may also be present. Directors may extend loans to the company, particularly when it is in difficulties. Such loans are usually unsecured. Other companies in the same group may also lend to the company, and often this lending will be unsecured and, maybe, subordinated. ${ }^{148}$ It should be remembered that directors and group companies may also guarantee loans to the company, and so will be unsecured creditors in any insolvency through their right of subrogation. $^{149}$
Trade creditors also have means of protection at their disposal, although they may not be able to use them fully because of market pressure. ${ }^{150}$ First, they can reflect the credit risks they face in the prices that they charge, either generally for all customers or in relation to a particular customer. ${ }^{151}$ If they supply goods, they can protect themselves by the use of retention of title clauses, which are effective in relation to the goods themselves though not usually as regards the products of the goods or the proceeds of sale. ${ }^{152}$ Certain protection is also afforded by the general law: under the Sale of Goods Act an unpaid seller has a lien on the goods before delivery, ${ }^{153}$ and a right to stop the goods in transit if the buyer becomes insolvent. ${ }^{154}$ These devices are not available to those who supply services, and they have to rely on more general measures (which are also available to those supplying goods). These include requiring payment in advance (if the market will bear this), spreading the risk of customer default by contracting with a wide number and variety of customers, and monitoring the credit of customers so that they can refuse to supply to a customer in difficulties. This latter device depends on the terms of the original contract: either the supplier has to protect itself with a term enabling it to terminate the contract if the customer gets into difficulties, or it has to operate on the basis of separate contracts for each supply, which involves the risk of losing the business for reasons other than the customer’s financial position.
公司金融学代写
金融代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Position of the Creditors in a Solvent Company
从第二章的讨论中可以看出,有许多不同类型的债权人,他们根据不同的合同和所有权结构向公司预付资金。然而,所有的债权人都有一个共同点:他们是公司欠他们的钱,他们有在某个时候支付的合法权利。${}^{139}$此权利通常(但并非总是)基于预先存在的合同。一些债权人,如贸易债权人和侵权索赔人,有权获得一次付款,他们希望尽快得到支付。然而,大多数从事融资业务的贷款人这样做是为了获得收入流,这取决于贷款的条款,将包括利息或偿还资本或两者的结合。从某种意义上说,这种定期支付的合同权利可以与股东的股息权进行比较和对比,后者在宣布股息之前在合同上是不可执行的。$ {} ^ {140} $
此外,贷款人有权支付的款项是固定的,至少从某种意义上说,它们不取决于公司是否盈利,尽管它们可能取决于其他变量,如当前的利率。这意味着,就出借人获得收入的权利而言,只要产生足够的利润来履行公司的合同义务,他们就没有激励公司从事增加利润的风险活动。在大多数融资结构中,出借人的利润来自这些定期支付(这里宽泛地称为“利息”),因此,当公司有偿付能力时,出借人的动机是尽可能长时间地保持贷款的资本部分未偿还,这样他们就可以赚取尽可能多的利润。然而,贷款人也有动力确保公司保持偿付能力,因为在破产时,它不仅会失去未来的利息支付利润,还可能失去资本偿还。
许多贷款人还将拥有偿还资本的长期合同权利。这可能是非常次要的,或者有很长的到期日,如混合证券。${}^{141}$相反,资本可以通过定期支付全部偿还,但如果借款人公司违约,贷款人通常有权加速偿还全部到期金额。${}^{142}$如果公司仍然有偿付能力,这笔资本债务最终将不得不偿还(不像股东出资)。这通常是通过再融资来实现的,即公司只是向同一家贷款机构展期债务,或者向不同的贷款机构借入新债务。如上所述,大多数贷款人没有寻求提前还款的动机,如果公司有偿付能力,他们会希望贷款关系尽可能长地继续下去。然而,如果公司资不抵债,失去资本偿还的风险是严重的,下面讨论的主要是针对这种风险的保护。这是一种所有债权人都要承担的风险,尽管他们的债权优先于所有股东。总的来说,债权人不受一般法律的保护,尽管第五章讨论的法定资本规则是该原则的一个重要例外。债权人一般有能力通过各种手段保护自己,这在第二章中进行了一般性讨论,并在接下来的讨论中进行了讨论,在第六章和第七章中进行了更详细的讨论。
金融代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考|Non-Adjusting Creditors
要了解这些非调整债权人是谁,考虑存在的债权人类型是有指导意义的。人们可以将债权人分为三类:那些有意识地向公司提供信贷的人(无论是以贷款或贸易信贷的形式还是以其他方式);与公司打交道的人士,并非有意提供信贷,但因公司违反合约或有其他责任而成为债权人的人士(例如货品或服务的顾客);以及在成为债权人之前与公司没有事先联系的人(这一类主要是侵权受害者和税务机关)。
第一类人(出借人、投资者和其他金融家)保护自己和影响公司活动的能力在本书中得到了广泛的讨论。除了融资人或供应商以外,还可能存在两类贷款机构。董事可以向公司提供贷款,特别是在公司陷入困境时。这种贷款通常是无担保的。同一集团中的其他公司也可能向该公司提供贷款,而且这种贷款通常是无担保的,可能是次级的。${}^{148}$应当记住,董事和集团公司也可以保证向公司提供贷款,因此在任何破产情况下,通过其代位求偿权将成为无担保债权人。$ ^ {149} $
贸易债权人也有可以使用的保护手段,尽管由于市场压力,他们可能无法充分利用这些手段。首先,他们可以在他们收取的价格中反映他们所面临的信用风险,这些价格通常是针对所有客户的,或者是针对某一特定客户的。如果他们提供货物,他们可以使用所有权保留条款来保护自己,这些条款对货物本身有效,但通常对货物的产品或销售收益无效。一般法律也提供某些保护:根据《货物销售法》,未付款的卖方在交货前对货物有留置权,如果买方破产,卖方有权停止运输中的货物。${}^{154}$这些设备对于提供服务的人来说是不可用的,他们必须依靠更一般的措施(这些措施也适用于提供货物的人)。这些措施包括要求提前付款(如果市场能承受的话),通过与数量众多、种类繁多的客户签订合同来分散客户违约的风险,以及监控客户的信用,使他们能够拒绝向陷入困境的客户供货。后一种方法取决于原始合同的条款:要么供应商必须用一个条款来保护自己,使其能够在客户陷入困境时终止合同,要么它必须为每次供应分别签订合同,这涉及到因客户财务状况以外的原因而失去业务的风险。
金融代写|公司金融学代写Corporate Finance代考 请认准UprivateTA™. UprivateTA™为您的留学生涯保驾护航。
微观经济学代写
微观经济学是主流经济学的一个分支,研究个人和企业在做出有关稀缺资源分配的决策时的行为以及这些个人和企业之间的相互作用。my-assignmentexpert™ 为您的留学生涯保驾护航 在数学Mathematics作业代写方面已经树立了自己的口碑, 保证靠谱, 高质且原创的数学Mathematics代写服务。我们的专家在图论代写Graph Theory代写方面经验极为丰富,各种图论代写Graph Theory相关的作业也就用不着 说。
线性代数代写
线性代数是数学的一个分支,涉及线性方程,如:线性图,如:以及它们在向量空间和通过矩阵的表示。线性代数是几乎所有数学领域的核心。
博弈论代写
现代博弈论始于约翰-冯-诺伊曼(John von Neumann)提出的两人零和博弈中的混合策略均衡的观点及其证明。冯-诺依曼的原始证明使用了关于连续映射到紧凑凸集的布劳威尔定点定理,这成为博弈论和数学经济学的标准方法。在他的论文之后,1944年,他与奥斯卡-莫根斯特恩(Oskar Morgenstern)共同撰写了《游戏和经济行为理论》一书,该书考虑了几个参与者的合作游戏。这本书的第二版提供了预期效用的公理理论,使数理统计学家和经济学家能够处理不确定性下的决策。
微积分代写
微积分,最初被称为无穷小微积分或 “无穷小的微积分”,是对连续变化的数学研究,就像几何学是对形状的研究,而代数是对算术运算的概括研究一样。
它有两个主要分支,微分和积分;微分涉及瞬时变化率和曲线的斜率,而积分涉及数量的累积,以及曲线下或曲线之间的面积。这两个分支通过微积分的基本定理相互联系,它们利用了无限序列和无限级数收敛到一个明确定义的极限的基本概念 。
计量经济学代写
什么是计量经济学?
计量经济学是统计学和数学模型的定量应用,使用数据来发展理论或测试经济学中的现有假设,并根据历史数据预测未来趋势。它对现实世界的数据进行统计试验,然后将结果与被测试的理论进行比较和对比。
根据你是对测试现有理论感兴趣,还是对利用现有数据在这些观察的基础上提出新的假设感兴趣,计量经济学可以细分为两大类:理论和应用。那些经常从事这种实践的人通常被称为计量经济学家。
MATLAB代写
MATLAB 是一种用于技术计算的高性能语言。它将计算、可视化和编程集成在一个易于使用的环境中,其中问题和解决方案以熟悉的数学符号表示。典型用途包括:数学和计算算法开发建模、仿真和原型制作数据分析、探索和可视化科学和工程图形应用程序开发,包括图形用户界面构建MATLAB 是一个交互式系统,其基本数据元素是一个不需要维度的数组。这使您可以解决许多技术计算问题,尤其是那些具有矩阵和向量公式的问题,而只需用 C 或 Fortran 等标量非交互式语言编写程序所需的时间的一小部分。MATLAB 名称代表矩阵实验室。MATLAB 最初的编写目的是提供对由 LINPACK 和 EISPACK 项目开发的矩阵软件的轻松访问,这两个项目共同代表了矩阵计算软件的最新技术。MATLAB 经过多年的发展,得到了许多用户的投入。在大学环境中,它是数学、工程和科学入门和高级课程的标准教学工具。在工业领域,MATLAB 是高效研究、开发和分析的首选工具。MATLAB 具有一系列称为工具箱的特定于应用程序的解决方案。对于大多数 MATLAB 用户来说非常重要,工具箱允许您学习和应用专业技术。工具箱是 MATLAB 函数(M 文件)的综合集合,可扩展 MATLAB 环境以解决特定类别的问题。可用工具箱的领域包括信号处理、控制系统、神经网络、模糊逻辑、小波、仿真等。